Economics of the War on Terrorism :: 9/11 Recession Essays

The choice to bomb the World Trade Center was more than symbolic. The collapse of the towers coincided with a slowing international rescue and was probably intended to cause as much frugal as physical harm. The crisis will have deep economic repercussions in a number of areas while some parts of the economy will be hurt, other sectors may actually benefit, and it is possible that increased defence mechanism spending could stimulate the slowing economy in the short run. A global economy requires openness and speed, whereas increased security often entails putting up barriers and walls. The war on terrorism will also dramatically increase security apostrophizes at every level. Americas distant global commitments may do enormously expensive and draining. The war on terrorism will decrease consumer spending, the stock market, exchange rates, airline prices, and immigration rates. Furthermore, how will a slowing global economy respond and deteriorate the slowing American economy? The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center will monetary value New Yorks economy up to 105 billion dollars and 115,000 jobs. Allen Hevesi, the city comptroller, did a recent report of the breakdown of some costs Rebuilding the World Trade Center as smaller buildings will cost 6.7 billion Repairing and restoring other damaged buildings will cost 5.3 billion Value of equipment, vehicles, computer systems destroyed will cost 12 billion Lost wages using estimate of 5,600 people will cost 11 billion Clean-up and stabilization of WTC site will cost 9 billion City government overtime, vehicle losses, road building will cost 7 billion Spending by private owners on repairs will cost 1 billion Treating injured, loss of income from injuries will cost 3 billion Lost business and economic activity will cost 21 billion Lost rent for damaged buildings will cost 1.75 billion Lost wages because of companies leaving New York will cost 3 billion. The city will need additional federal aid to re cover. The long-term impact of the attacks depends on how quickly the nations economy recover and the decisions on where to locate by the companies. The city initially paid for clearing the area and the most visible portion of the cleanup, which was nearly a half a gazillion tons of steel, concrete and debris.The World Trade Center attacks were said to be hurting the civilian economy in ways that merely a array engagement like the Persian Gulf War didnt. MSNBC news reported that because of its global scale and long-term nature, the war on terrorism will cost more than the Persian Gulf War, which totaled about $80 billion in constant fiscal-year 2002 dollars.

Gendre Stereotyping :: essays research papers

In the year 2000, the average person is spending more than of his/her leisure time notice television, or using their computer. The shows on TV and the information avail adapted to us available through all types of media influence our decision process. An individuals perception of the world is dynamical as he/she recieves more and more information. Although being informed is good, it can be very dangerous. TV influences every aspect of our lives our life style, what we wear, how we look, and how we act.     Children are more susceptible to the influence of television compared to adults. This is true because of a lack of maturity. Children often identify with a popular movie or television character although some(prenominal) adults and children are influenced by television. Information acquired through all media can be destructive. We know information can be harmful when we use the names " romp" and "sissy".     These terms a utomatically make the accused party an outcast. The term "tomboy" is used when referring to a female child who may seem slightly masculine, whereas the term "sissy" is used to describe a boy whe may seem slightly feminine. The socially accepted despcription of what it is to be masculine is to be strong, to be able to support a family, and to befool high stamina. On the other hand, what it is to be feminine is to be a loving mother, and to stay home with their kids. Men and women have very specific and very different dress codes. Men must where suits and women must wear dresses. Men must stay away from feminine colours such as purple and pink. Whoever crosses the gendre based lines may be made fun of or shunned by others.     We are not only trying to volley in the gendre ranges ourselves, but also tend to pass them on to our own children. We attempt to protect them from being shunned by society by setting the mold for them as well.       The key differences between men and women seem to have been existing since the beginning of time. This is because from birth, a boy is dressed in blue and a girl wears pink. Children even have much different toys. Boys play with trucks and violence oreinted toys, and girls play with dolls. Since men and women are conditioned to be different from birth, it is not surprising that thither is a huge gender gap.     Gender gaps are common in sports, because sports are traditionally regarded as masculine activities.

The River Runs Through It :: essays research papers

The Water is Wide takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His order of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroys goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it make an influence in the childrens lives.Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberrys. The Skimberrys were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida.When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, Sout h Carolina, or Halloween so they could trick or treat. None of the kids fifty-fifty knew what trick or treating was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking mendicancy each of the parents to let their children go. Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not satisfactory to return the next year. Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world.I worry this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I take to to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so rough ly.

Comparing Portrayal of Women in One Hundred Years of Solitude and The House of the Spirits :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Portrayal of Women in One Hundred Years of Solitude and The House of the spirits           The portrayal of women in the novels One Hundred years of Solitude and The House of the Spirits differs greatly. In One Hundred Years of Solitude empowerment comes only(prenominal) through age, for instance Ursula Iguaran, the matriarch of the Buendia family and to some extent Macondo, or through strength of sexuality, for instance Pilara Tenera the sexual matriarch of Macondo. This is in contrast with The House of the Spirits where empowerment comes to a fault through force of conviction, as seen with Nivea, and also through commercial enterprise as seen with Transito Soto. These women represent Allendes own brand of feminism Furthermore those women who accept a traditional role of subservience and remain staunch in their conservatism are shown to finish their days alone and mostly forgotten as is seen with Ferula and Nana.   As the novels were set in first half of the twentieth century in  Latin America, the role of women in the affable hierarchy of this backdrop is worthy of consideration. This was a patriarchal society where men of whatever age were always superior in standing to women. As a woman aged, her position in the social hierarchy would increase. Furthermore women had few  career choices all were linked to some form of domestic service whether solely as a wife and engender or as a nanny or a combination. Religion played a very important role in this predominantly Catholic area. The role of women as portrayed by the church was somewhat of a paradox, simultaneously acknowledging and praising women for the gift of child bearing and yet depicting them as the root of all sin, as the temptress inducing thoughts of fornication as well as causing the original sin, that being Adam eating the issue in the Garden of  Eden.           Despite Marquezs well documented anticle ricalism this idea in church ideology of the temptress is paralleled in One Hundred Years of Solitude albeit the move into of Eve in her roles is split between the matriarchs of Macondo namely Pilar Tenera and Ursula Iguaran. In the beginning of One hundred years of solitude The world was so juvenile that many things lacked names, and in order to indicate them it was necessary to

The Ultimate Sin Exposed in Geothes Faust Essay -- Geothe Faust

Geothes Faust is similar in many ways to both Dantes Inferno and Miltons Paradise Lost. The obvious similarity is how each work relates to evilness or Hell. Other similarities include how the villains of two of these epics are the most likable characters, and the use of classical and Christian mythology in each poem. Faust deals with evil when he makes a deal with Mephistopheles, or Satan. This deal is that Mephistopheles will give Faust whatever he wants in return for his (Fausts) soul. Inferno is a journey through Hell. Dante is being adept by his guide, Virgil, through the icy parts of Hell, to the center of the earth, while he climbs up Satans legs into Heaven. Paradise Lost is ab prohibited how Satan is newly cast bring out of Heaven and just getting used to his surroundings, which is a to a greater extent traditional furnace-like Hell unlike the single in Inferno. Mephistopheles, who is supposedly Satan, in Faust, and the Satan pictured in Paradise Lost are the most likab le characters in these plays. Faust seems like more of a villain than Mephistopheles, which is very ironic. Satan is made out to be an evil, manipulating demon, but Mephistopheles is not really like that. He does manipulate Faust in some ways, like with the contract of Faust selling his soul, but Mephistopheles has little more power than a regular person. Also, in the beginning of the play, when he talks to The Lord, he doesnt act serious at all. He actually tells The Lord that he likes Sundays because of the peace and quiet. In Paradise Lost, Satan makes God look more evil than (Satan) himself. Satan implies that God is some kind of slave driver, and that it would be better to reign in Hell then serve in Heaven. They are considered the more likable characters becau... ...your willingness to ask for forgiveness) and deeds you have done. He also uses symbolism through characters in the work to express the nature of man. He implies that man has the power to know the difference and ch oose between earnest and evil but because man is imperfect he is bound to makes mistakes. He implies that since the ultimate sin is placing yourself on a level equal to God, pious persons who figure other people, thinking that they are higher than them are placing themselves dangerously close to being equal with God in their assumption they have the power to tag people. This shows hypocrisy because these people believe that they are following God exactly but in effect they are taking it too far and committing one of the worst sins you can commit. Geothe seems to imply all of these things and more based on your personal interpretation of the work.

The Ultimate Sin Exposed in Geothes Faust Essay -- Geothe Faust

Geothes Faust is similar in many ways to both Dantes Inferno and Miltons Paradise Lost. The obvious similarity is how distri scarceively work relates to brutal or Hell. Other similarities include how the villains of two of these epics are the most likable characters, and the use of classical and Christian mythology in each poem. Faust deals with evil when he makes a deal with Mephistopheles, or friction match. This deal is that Mephistopheles will give Faust whatever he wants in return for his (Fausts) soul. Inferno is a journey with Hell. Dante is being lead by his guide, Virgil, through the icy parts of Hell, to the center of the earth, while he climbs up Satans legs into Heaven. Paradise Lost is about how Satan is fresh cast out of Heaven and just getting used to his surroundings, which is a more traditional furnace-like Hell unlike the one in Inferno. Mephistopheles, who is supposedly Satan, in Faust, and the Satan portrayed in Paradise Lost are the most likable characters in these plays. Faust seems like more of a villain than Mephistopheles, which is very ironic. Satan is made out to be an evil, manipulating demon, but Mephistopheles is not really like that. He does manipulate Faust in some ways, like with the contract of Faust selling his soul, but Mephistopheles has little more power than a regular person. Also, in the beginning of the play, when he talks to The Lord, he doesnt act serious at all. He real tells The Lord that he likes Sundays because of the peace and quiet. In Paradise Lost, Satan makes God look more evil than (Satan) himself. Satan implies that God is some frame of slave driver, and that it would be better to reign in Hell then serve in Heaven. They are considered the more likable characters becau... ...your willingness to ask for forgiveness) and whole works you prevail done. He also uses symbolism through characters in the work to express the nature of man. He implies that man has the power to know the difference and pick between good and evil but because man is imperfect he is bound to makes mistakes. He implies that since the ultimate sin is placing yourself on a level personify to God, pious persons who judge other people, thinking that they are higher than them are placing themselves dangerously close to being equal with God in their assumption they have the power to judge people. This shows hypocrisy because these people believe that they are following God exactly but in effect they are taking it as well far and committing one of the worst sins you can commit. Geothe seems to imply all of these things and more based on your personal interpretation of the work.

Morality in the Bible?

M whatsoever speculations and debates had been flourished about the ft morality in the bible. The Holy Bible has been there for centuries but still umteen condemns it by not believing to what is writer. Many take the teachings into their personal interpretation and practice without proper understanding of what they argon undertaking.Bible is said to be the base or foundation in solving human morality. It has all in all the solutions to the chaos and conflicts. Lets take into account of one controversyStated in Leviticus 17 10-14, And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood I will even found my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people. For the aliveness of the flesh is in the blood and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an expiation for your souls for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul.Therefore I said unto the children of Israel, No soul of you shall eat blood neither shall any stranger that so journeth among you eat blood. For it is the life of all flesh the blood of it is for the life thereof therefore I said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh for the life of all flesh is the blood thereof whosoever eateth it shall be cut off.This verse explains well how important blood represents in the Bible. Like an example, the blood of Jesus Christ was utilize as the cleansing of the sins of the world. This believe is of the Christians.Is it morally right for blood to be transfused from one person to another? Most religions permit it, but the Jehovahs Witnesses argue that scriptural principles properly understood condemn it. Who is right? When the Bible was being written, the technology for transfusing blood didnt exist, so the Bible did not directly address this trouble. The same is unbent of numerous other technologies now available to us.The transplantation of body organs (including even cross-species transplants), artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, genetic mapping, gene splicingthese ar all technologies that were developed after the Bible was written, so what is the correct moral position to take on these issues? Through processes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantations, a woman in USA gave birth to her own grandchildren. Was it morally right for her to do this? What does the Bible say? Well, of course, the Bible doesnt say anything about this or any of the other technological procedures mentioned above. If we asked a hundred theologians to take their Bibles and resolve the moral dilemmas posed by these technologies, we would find ourselves hopelessly trapped in a tangle of confusion when all of their answers were in (Till, Farell).Many tribes across the world eat blood by including the blood in foods. Some drink it fresh. There are many ways how people intake the blood. What are the differe nces in blood transfusion and taking it in as food? Will this resolve the problem of moral ethics with regards to the notion of blood as sacred?As we may see, many views to this argument rise. This depends to how a person views this topic and has them believe as to what has been set by the norms.List of ReferencesTill, Farell. No Morality without the Bible. 28 Nov. 2003.The Skeptical Review Vol.5 1. 01 December 2006 http//www.infidels.org/library/magazines/tsr/1994/1/1front94.html.The American Stan

Beauty Definition Essay

Beauty is one of the most prevalent themes in the world. But what is cup of tea on the button? According to the Oxford Dictionary stunner is A combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight. Based on the definition, one would assume that bag is only on outward appearance but that statement is false. Beauty is not only appearance but it is also what volume stubnot experience. Beauty is to the highest degree existence stunning on the inside not just the outside. The media has fooled so human beingy plenty into thinking the opposite. Beauty is not only outward appearance. bulk are not beautiful because they have the most expensive habiliments or the shiniest hair. Beauty is not having the clearest skin knockout is not about being thin beauty is not having the fullest eyelashes beauty is not about appearance at all. Many people look at allure as any(prenominal)thing they can obtain from putting a lot of tim e into their appearance. I remember in high school there was a girl named Jenna Jenna had all the coolest habilitate and always made sure she looked bully. I remember envying her for her shinny hair and perfect teeth. Everyone crackmed convinced that this girl was beautiful even I. Until one day I was walking past a classroom, I could hear faint voices coming out and I knew that there wasnt supposed to be anyone in the class. I creeped closer listening to the whispers when I immediately recognized a familiar voice.It was Jennas and she was saying horrible things about her best friend. At that flash I realized that Jenna wasnt so beautiful after all. All the clothes and perk upup could not hide the fact that she had an ugly soul. The soul is what makes people beautiful. Being alluring is far deeper than just being attractive it is about being a good person. You cannot see beauty but you can see what makes people beautiful. The person who stops when they see a stray animal sittin g in the sidewalk is beautiful. The person who gives their last dollar to the homeless man is beautiful. The person who goes out of their way to be friendly to everyone they meet is beautiful. The person who puts the greater good for humanity before the greater good for themselves is beautiful. Audrey Hepburn an actress in the 50s was one of the very first actresses to recognize that beauty isnt always just appearance. She states that The beauty of a adult female is not in the clothes she wears, the figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair. The beauty of a woman is seen in her eyes, because that is the doorwayto her heart, the place where love resides.True beauty in a woman is reflected in her soul. immediatelys media has done a terrific job in portraying allure as something that one can obtain from appearance. Media has convinced the world that beauty is only outward appearance. Today you cannot go five minutes without seeing a beauty ad theyre everywhere. Turn on t he television and youll see an ad for shampoo that shows a smiling girl claiming that her hair is now shinier. Drive down the street and youll see a billboard for an acne medication that claims it gives you beautiful looking skin. These companies are preying on girls insecurities to make money. They claim that if you buy their reaping, you too can look beautiful. In reality no product can make a person beautiful because beauty is not something that you can see. Many girls look up to stars like Katy Perry, Hayden Panettiere and Emma Stone all of who are advertising beauty products. When girls watch their favorite stars advertise makeup and other beauty products it gives the girls a false sense of beauty. It teaches our youth that by using a certain product then they can achieve beauty if they wear a certain makeup then they will be beautiful like their favorite celebrities. Todays media has put enormous pressure on young girls to be thin.Every commercial and billboard and magazine a d portrays a size nix model, always photoshopped. Young people look at these women and think that in order to be beautiful that they too have to be that thin ahead(p) to unhealthy decisions and life threatening illnesses. According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 24 million people in the United States alone suffer form some sort of eating disorder. 24 million people think that their body is not good enough to fit societies definition of beautiful. 24 million people think that the only way to be beautiful is by harming their bodies. This number can be lowered dramatically if media stopped putting the emphasis of beauty on physical appearance. Beauty is not outward appearance but inner appearance. Beauty is having a beautiful soul and being a good person all around. Media has given society a false view on what really is beautiful. The next time you find yourself judging someone establish upon their looks think again beauty is not just what y ou can see, its what you cannot.

Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

A literature reappraisal is a digest of resources that provide the land work for farther survey. It is a lot found as a subdivision of a published research survey. Literature reappraisal refers to the activities involves in seeking for information on a accede and developing a comprehensive image of the province of the intuition on the subject.Reappraisal of literature is a written sum-up of the survey conducted antecedently related to the show survey subject. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 )The research worker did an broad reappraisal of literature on the research subject in order to derive deeper penetration into the job and to twine up maximal relevant information for constructing the foundations of the survey.In the present survey the reappraisal of literature is organized under the undermentioned headers Section-I Surveies related to malnutrition and fleshiness at schooltime degree.Section-II Surveies related to consequence of planned nursing intercession.Section-III Surveies re lated to knowledge and pattern on salutary Food Habits among kids.Section-IV Surveies related to P stopping pointer s Health Promotion influence TheorySection-V Surveies related to Conceptual model based on Pender s health publicity theoretical ac await ( 2002 )SECTION-I STUDIES cogitate TO MALNUTRITION AND OBESITYMalnutrition in early puerility causes irreparable harm to the development of kid and consequences in wastage of human resources. Hence decrease in the high rate of kid mortality and morbidity out-of-pocket to malnutrition becomes an of import undertaking of policy shapers and societal development contrivers study conducted in rural countries of India revealed that abut 90 % of the kids suffer from different classs of malnutrion and about 15 % of them be in utmost grades of malnutrition.Shetty, P.S. , ( 2000 ) concluded that in an person a series of physiology & A behavior response can happen. as a consequence of get-go energy consumption that is below the accepta ble degree of demands. If they individual seek to follow the lower energy consumption so it is good for the endurance of single.Hensrud, DD. , ( 2000 ) reviewed a journal nutrition showing and appraisal which revealed the both(prenominal) under nutrition and over nutrition which leads to increased morbidity and mortality rate.Rio-Grande Dosul. , ( 2004 ) conducted that because of the excess helping of saccharify sweetened bevarage, on that point is an increased opportunity of acquiring fleshiness in most of the in-between school kids. that is approximately 60 % due to the alterations in the feed wonts, the individuals who are populating in the developed states are more prone to acquire fleshiness. Depending on the composing & A the quality of the diet the food for thought consumption has to be related with the fleshiness.Rodriguez, NR. , ( 2005 ) concluded that the kids assorted nutritionary demands in relation to the growing. For the normal growing of the immature kids they s hould take equal sum of energy & A intrinsic aminoacids.A broad scope of protein consumption of about.6 to2.9gm/kg should be given for the immature kids.Charles. , ( 2005 ) concluded that since 1960 s the prevalence rate of fleshiness has increased more among the kids in U.S.One of the of import factor that is lending to the paediatric fleshiness is ingestion of sugar sweetened drinks.Veteri, F.E. , ( 2010 ) concluded a series of inquiry associated with the equal energy & A protein intake. that is necessary for the growing & A proper operation of the children.Inorder to fulfill the protein demands big sum of protein must be ingested along with energy consumption.The present survey shows that there is an associated between the eating wonts and fleshiness.SECTION-II STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECT OF PLANNED NURSING INTERVENTIONPiffer.S, Kaisermann.D. , ( 2003 ) presented paper reports the consequences of a study on dietetic wonts of 1,398 kids go toing first category of native school in Trento state ( Northern Italy ) the undermentioned points were investigated. Frequency of interruption fast and nutrient intake.frequency of nutrients at school the construct of tracer nutrients as veggies, fruits, and loving was anyways investigated. The consequences were analysed harmonizing gender, country of abode, learning method and educational degree of parents. The information about nutritionary manner are satisfactory even if they are powerfully associated to education degree of parents, above all of the female parent. The adequateness of nutritionary manner is increasing with the increasing of educational degree. School repast, offering selected nutrients to all kids go toing fulltime learning subdivision, can re-equilibrate nutritionary manner, diminishing the differences associated to education degree of the parents.Delisle, H. , ( 2010 ) conducted a survey sing the importance of placing the healthy and culturally relevant dietetic forms. which helps in move on wel lness & A forestalling diet related chronic disease. The surveies shows that a limited no of nutrients determines the quality of diet & A result of wellness. The handed-down diets are more fitter & A utile when comparison to untraditional dietetic forms. Apart from this healthy feeding wonts are more executable if the ack-ack gun to the nutrient consumption is equal.Present informations can be used for implementing and bettering wellness publicity action on right dietetic wonts in kid goon, maintaining count of the function of instruction degree of the parents. During the development of kids they need equal proportion of healthy nutrients as like the grownup eat.SECTION-III STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE ON HEALTHY FOOD HABITS AMONG CHILDRENThis article shows the dietetic pattern that is following by the kids.Who are go toing the farm school. The findings shows that proper dietetic patterns determines the nutritionary position it besides influence the societal econom ical & A psychological development of the kids.Gil, A. , ( 2009 ) They identified that the consumption of traditional nutrient has no relation the normal dietetic pattern.They were considered as giving small protection from diseases.The survey findings showed that the organic structure mass index exercisings and the assorted diseases status has no important association with the dietetic form.SECTION-IV STUDIES RELATED TO PENDER S HEALTH PROMOTION MODELAustin David, R. , ( 2000 ) it describes that assorted elements are involved in the Pender s wellness publicity model.It shows the advantages every bit good as the mischief of the theoretical account. For the support of the theoretical account assorted literature surveies has taken.Calderon, ( 2002 ) The determination showed the belief and patterns of breastcancer among aged adult females & A their perceptual exist towards this.It consist of both educational & A environmental support which areconductive to wellness behavior.For th e wellness publicity in the older population co-ordination of assorted services adapted.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON PENDER S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL ( 2002 )Conceptual model is interrelated constructs on abstractions that are assembled together in some rationale strategy by faithfulness relevancy to a common subject ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) . It is a device which to excite research and the extension of cognition by supplying both way and drift. A model may function as a spring board for scientific findings meaningful and generalizable. The present survey is aimed at developing and measuring the strength of planned nursing intercession in footings of cognition and pattern on wellness nutrient wonts among primary school kids in selected school at Salem. The conceptual model of this survey is based on Pender, Murdaugh, C and Parson. , ( 2002 ) Health Promotion Model.Pender, ( 2002 ) defines wellness as the realization of built-in and acquired human potency through end directed behav ior, competent ego attention and fulfilling relationships with others, while accommodations are made as needed to keep structural unity and harmoniousness with relevant environment.Health Promotion Model is based chiefly on three theories of human behavior the theory of sound action, the theory of planned behaviour and societal cognitive theory. Theory of reasoned action explains that the major determiner of behaviour is the individual s purpose for that behaviour, when she believes that she has control over the state of affairs.Prior Related BehaviorIt highlights the experience with the advancing behaviour. In this survey prior related behaviour of cognition and pattern of primary school kids on 1st twenty-four hours. It includes equal -inadequate cognition and pattern towards wellness nutrient wonts, conveying / non conveying healthy nutrients leave be assessed by pre-test on 1st twenty-four hours.Personal FactorsFactors about the individual, that influences wellness advancing be havior. This includes biological and socio-cultural factors in this survey.Biological FactorsIncludes age of the sample, gender, type of the household.Socio-cultural factorsEducation of the female parent, business of the female parent, faith.Health Promoting BehaviorBehaviours ( or ) actions that people carry out with the purposes of better their wellness. In this survey is specified, wellness advancing cognition and pattern of healthy nutrients to kids pamphlet distributed to the kids giving information sing healthy nutrient wonts to the female parents of kids. Regular practicing of wellness nutrient wonts.Perceived Control of HealthChilds can understand about the in effects of taking debris nutrients.Perceived Health StatusThe research worker sensed that there is little betterment in the nutrient wonts of kids of conveying wellness bites.Perceived Benefits of ActionBelief about the positive or reenforcing effects of a wellness advancing behavior. Here it includes kids will compre hend benefits of good balanced diet, sample develops the wellness nutrient wonts and betterment in cognition sing wellness nutrient wonts, stay wellness and energetic.Sensed Barriers of Health Promoting BehaviorBelief about kids reduced attending span, more attracted to advertizements, working female parents.Interpersonal InfluencesBelief about learning programme on wellness nutrient wonts and advancing pattern of conveying wellness nutrients on 3, 6, 10th twenty-four hours of pattern appraisal by this research worker.Situational Influences lucifer group.Immediate Competing PreferencesDistracting thought about other attractive activities to make instantly before prosecuting in a wellness promotes behaviour. In this survey, it includes kid s wellness, taking healthy nutrients.Committedness to a Plan of ActionCommittedness to transport out a wellness promotes bahaviour. The program should be specific to clip and topographic point, and stipulate whether it will be with identified indi vidual or entirely. Practice healthy nutrient wonts at school scene after learning, this survey describe about the cooking of a realistic program to pattern healthy nutrient wonts by conveying healthy nutrient wonts by conveying healthy bites, and healthy dejeuner daily ( forenoon and afternoon ) to the school with the supervising of research worker in alternate yearss.

An Essay on Clinical Negligence

An Essay on Clinical Negligence We apply everlastingly thought of condition as a logical, almost mathematical business. To intrude policy into occasion is like saying that two plus two does non equal to intravenous feeding be bowel movement, for policy reasons, it should non. (Charles parent NLJ 5/11/2004 page 1644). To what extent do you consider that Charles Foster is correct in that spring and clinical slackness should be a mathematical business and the courts create, by introducing matters of policy, conf habituated what should be a logical go on?Introduction In the article of It should be, t herefore it is1, its author, Charles Foster examined the move House of schoolmasters judgment in Chester v Afshar2, what he described as an exercise in legal creativity that abolishes the requirement for precedent in each meaningful sense. To controvert the above issue, one must consider the legal requirements of clinical negligence.In order for a patient of to succeed i n a assume for clinical negligence against his furbish up, he must be able to satisfy three requirements first, he must establish that a duty of carry off was owed by the debase or hospital to himself second, he must prove that the doctor has scandalizeed that duty of bang by failing to reach the step of bursting charge required by the equity lastly, the patient must prove that his injury was caused by the doctors negligent act. Each of these requirements for negligence will be considered as the strict requirements for a sure-fire claim of the patient suffering from an adverse event in a medical context.These steps were referred by Charles Foster as the logical mathematical business 3towards establishing the causation in a clinical negligence exemplar. Is Chesters case a peace of the causation requirements? To discuss this statement, one must consider whether the rift of duty causes the handicap to the patient. Even if a doctor breaches his duty of care by falling belo w the standard of care, a patient can only recover his alter if he can prove that breach has caused almost harm to him. 1. It Should Be, Therefore It is (2004) 154 New truth Journal 7151. 2. 2004 UKHL 41. 3. Charles Foster New legality Journal 5/11/2004, p. 644. If the doctor breaches his duty of care, but the patient suffered no injury, or would have suffered an identical harm regardless of the doctors failing, then the doctor is not proven negligent. This can be illustrated by the case of Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital counseling Committee4. In this case, the doctor has breached his duty of care to the deceased man by not examining him soulally, but the run for clinical negligence failed, because even if the patient had been seen by the doctor, the arsenic poisoning was regarded as too far advanced for an antidote to be life-saving.In other words, by the time the patient arrived at the hospital, he was destined to die irrespective of the carry outs or negligent omissions of the doctors. Although his doctor failed to meet the requisite standard pf care in treating him, this did not in itself cause each harm to the patient. 4. There are two ways of interpreting this causation requirement. On the one hand, there exists a reasonable prescript that a person should not be held credible for damage which he did not cause.On the other hand, there is no legal evidence for incompetent medical care unless the patient can prove that the doctors action indeed caused rough identifiable harm. The particular patient is Barnett should have been attended by a doctor, but the concomitant that he was not subject to compensation. In recent years, the English legal system has recognized that a very strict natural covering of the causation requirement can result in injustice for the patient and therefore there have been gradual moves towards a relaxation of this requirement.In Bolitho v City & Hackney Health Authority5, for instance, a strict application of the traditional causation test of but for that is the harm would not have been caused but for the doctors clinical negligence- was self-evidently not well-off. It could be recalled in this case the doctor failed to attend the patient but argued that, if she had indeed attended, she would not have cand the interference (intubation) which could have save the child. Therefore, it is crystal clear that the harm of the childs death would have occurred even if the doctor had met her duty of care by tending the patient.Despite the court was not willing to settle for this conclusion and instead enquired into whether the doctors intended disaster to intubate if she had attended would have been clinically negligent in itself. This implies that it was considered by the court at all is an indication that, if some serious harm has occurred, the courts will take into considerations the entire circumstances of the case before coming to the conclusion as to whether the causation requiremen t has been satisfied. 4. 1968 1 A11 ER 1068. 5. 1997 UKHL 46, HL.The approach can be seen even more controversially in the 2004 case of Chester v Afshar6, which Charles Foster has make his comment on as mentioned. This case involved a doctors clinical negligent failure to warn a patient or so the risk inherent in a medical procedure. There exists a need for the patients approve to medical treatment to be wide-eyedy informed. The complication with respect to causation arose because the patient admitted that she would have still undergone the surgery even if she had been warned about the risks of paralysis which unfortunately materialized during the medical procedure.Therefore, the doctors failure to disclose this risk, although a breach of his duty of care, did not on the strict application of the causation requirement, cause the harm suffered by the patient. When Chester reached the House of Lords, the House was divided on the issue of causation. The Court of court, taking a st rong and pragmatic approach, held that the claimant could succeed by applying conventional causation principle. Therefore it could be said that the claimants injury had resulted from receiving a particular operation at a particular time.If the defendant had warned her about the risks, she would not have that particular operation- she would have had an operation (with the same risks) at a later date. If she had had this later operation, in all prob susceptibility, the very small risk of disability would not have happened. On this basis, it could be said that the defendants failure to warn had led to the claimants disability. However, the House of Lords did not find this kind of approach attractive. As Lord Hoffman put it, the approach of the Court of Appeal was about as logical as saying that if one had been told, on entering a casino, the odds on the number 7 coming up were only 1 in 37, one would have gone away and come spinal column next week or gone to a different casino. The qu estion is whether one would have taken the opportunity to avoid or reduce the risk, not whether one would have changed the scenario in some irrelevant detail. 7 In the House of Lords, both the mass and minority rejected reasoning of the Court of Appeal and held that the claimant could not succeed in proving causation on conventional principles.For the minority (Lord Hoffman and Bingham), this was sufficient to dispose the case. However, the majority went on to state that, for policy reasons, the traditional rules of causation ought to be relaxed to allow the claimant to 6. 2004 UKHL 41 7. 2005 1 AC 134, per Lord Hoffman, at dissever 31. succeed. Central to their Lordships reasoning was the need to give effect to the uprightlyfield of a patient to make an informed choice about whether and when to undergo medical treatment. In law, this right was made possible by a doctors duty to warn the patient about any probatory risks involved in the medical treatment.There would therefore be injustice if breach of this duty did not lead to a remedy. If the doctor were not made liable for such a breach, the duty to inform the patient about crucial risks would, as Lord Hope put it, be a hollow one. His Lordship said The function of the law is to enable rights to be well-defined and to provide remedies when duties have been breached. Unless this is done the duty is a hollow one, stripped of all practical force and devoid of all content. It will have lost its ability to nurse the patient and thus to fulfill the only purpose which brought it into existence.On policy grounds therefore I would hold that the test of causation is satisfied in this case. 8 Lord Steyn shared this view that the vindication of the patients rights was the overriding considerations Her right of autonomy and dignity can and ought to be vindicated by a narrow and modest departure from traditional causation principlesThis result is in accord with one of the most basic aspirations of the law, namel y to right wrongs. 9 On policy grounds, therefore, Lord Hope, Steyn and Walker held that the test of even though they agreed with Lord Bingham and Hoffman that this required a departure from the traditional principles.The truthful fact that the patients injury was intimately involved with the duty to warn10 was sufficient for Lord Hope, while Lord Walker emphasized that the doctor had failed in his professional duty and the patient has suffered injury directly within the scope and focus of that duty. 11 In summary, the two take issue Lords emphasized that dominate Chester had failed to prove that the doctor caused her injury. Lord Bingham said that she cannot memorialise that the clinical negligence proved against Mr. Afshar was, in any ordinary sense, a cause of her going12 and Lord Hoffman noted that on ordinary principles of tort law the 8. 2005 1 AC 134, per Lord Hope, at split 87. 9. 2004 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Steyn, paragraph 24-25. 10. 2004 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Hope, paragraph 87. 11. 2004 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Walker, paragraph 101. 12. 2004 UKHL 41, per Lord Bingham, paragraph 9. defendant is not liable. 13 Both of these judges therefore held that turn a loss Chester could not recover damages with respect to Mr. Afshars negligent disclosure. Even the judges in the majority acknowledged that the traditional causation requirement had not been satisfied in this case.Lord Hope, for instance, who gave the leading judgment, accepted that a solution to this problem which is in Miss Chesters favour cannot be based on conventional causation principles. 14 The majority allowed Miss Chester to recover damage based on some vague policy reasons. Lord Hope elaborated that the key question for the House of Lords was whether in the unusual circumstances of this case, justice requires the normal approach to causation to be modified. 15 Lord Hope further explained that the function of the law is to enable rights to be vindicated and to provide remedies when duties have been breached.Unless this is done, the duty is a hollow one, stripped of all practical force and devoid of all content. 16 Lord Steyn shared this view that the vindication of the patients rights was the overriding consideration Her right of autonomy and dignity can and ought to be vindicated by a narrow and modest departure from traditional causation principlesThis result is in accord with one of the most basic aspirations of the law, namely to right wrongs. 17 As a result, the consequence is that where there is a breach of duty to disclose and the plaintiff suffers from . he actual harm he or she should have been warned about, then a claim for damages is more likely to succeed. The patient would recover if they would have deferred the procedure. The plaintiff no longer have to demonstrate that he or she would have refused the procedure completely if he or she had been told about the undisclosed risk. The adaptation of the causation requirement in Chester v Afshar has b een the subject of considerable debate and criticism. unripened18, for example, argues that the law of torts is concerned not with compensating those who have suffered redness as a result of the defendants breach of duty.This very point is emphasized by Lord Bingham in his dissent when he argues that a claimant is not entitled to be compensated, and a defendant is not bound to compensate the claimant, for damage not caused by the negligence complained of. 19 To some extent this is a convincing argument. 13. 2004 UKHL 41, per Lord Hoffman, paragraph 32. 14. 2004 UKHL 41, per Lord Hope, paragraph 81. 15. 2004 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Hope, paragraph 85. 16. 2004 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Hope, paragraph 87. 17. 2004 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Steyn, paragraph 75. 18.Sarah Green, Coherence of Medical Negligence Cases A Game of Doctors and Purses. (2006) 14 Med Law Rev. 1, p. 4. 19. Chester v Afshar 2004 4 A11 ER 587, paragraph 9. Miss Chester was awarded full damages for the injury she suffer ed even though this injury was not really caused by the doctors actions, which seems unjust. However, the point which is missed here is that the doctors negligent non-disclosure did cause a different loss to Miss Chester. Green20 argues that Miss Chester lost nothing of value, but I opine this is not true she lost her right to make an autonomous choice about her medical treatment.In daily clinical practice, autonomy with respect to health care requires that a patient is fully informed about the medical treatment before he or she can comply to it. On the other hand, the right to refuse consent to medical treatment, which is protected in both English common law and international gentlemans gentleman right law, requires that an informed choice be made by the patient. In Miss Chesters case, she was denied of this particular right. She agreed to undergo the surgery in ignorance of its risks and true nature. Her right to autonomy was therefore denied.Greens opposing view can be explain ed as follows A patients dignity and right to decide is protected by the law of torts recognition that a doctor has a duty to warn, not by the readiness to override causal considerations in the claimants favour. If a breach of that duty to warn causes the patient no loss, then a finding of no indebtedness does not violate that right. It merely serves as an identification that the patients inability to exercise that right did not, on this occasion, causes any harm. 21 A fundamentally different viewpoint of this situation is taken here.The inability to exercise a right to autonomy is regarded as a harm in itself, regardless of the actual physical injury resulted. This rights-based approach gist that Mason and Brodie22 are correct to regard the award of full damages to Miss Chester as inconsistent with the House of Lords modified approach to causation as follows One can understand the concern to allow the plaintiff to vindicate her rights. However, the measure of damages allowed does not, in truth, reflect the loss suffered because, at the end of the day, the loss present in an invasion of autonomy per se, and an award of full damages can be said to over-compensate. 23 20. Sarah Green, Coherence of Medical Negligence Cases A Game of Doctors and Purses. (2006) 14 Med Law Rev. 1, p. 14. 21. Sarah Green, Coherence of Medical Negligence Cases A Game of Doctors and Purses. (2006) 14 Med Law Rev. 1, p. 9-10. 22. K Mason and D Brodie, Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore ar Thou Bolam? (2005) 9 Edin LR298, p. 305. 23. K Mason and D Brodie, Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? (2005) 9 Edin LR298, p. 305. The House of Lords judgment in Chester v Afshar represents a significant departure from the traditional requirements of a negligence action.It is an imperfect the emphasis upon vindication of the patients rights is insufficiently explained and justified. But it is also encouraging from a human rights perspective to see this judicial recognition at the highest level that cau sation requirements should not act as a barrier to recovery where a patients rights have been infringed during the provision of medical care. Manson and Laurie24 refer to a trend to assist the plaintiff over the causation hurdle in medico-legal cases25 and, presumptuousness the great hurdle still in place with respect to proving a breach of the duty of care, this should in general be welcome.Andrew Grubb26 argues that the majority in Chester made the right decision It is difficult to argue with the majoritys reasoning. It would undermine the rule and be unjust for a doctor to require a patient to show that she would never have a particular procedure in the future. It is also counterintuitive to think that because the patient may run the risk in the future- by agreeing to and having the procedure- the negligence is not connected to her injury. At worst, she will be exposed to a small risk of injury which is unlikely then to eventuate.She had in a real and immediate sense suffered in jury that she would not otherwise have suffered. That should be sufficient to establish a causal link. 27 If Miss Chesters loss is better described as the loss of the right to make an informed consent, rather than exposure to a risk which she would have avoided if attached proper information, it could be argued that damages should be directed towards compensating her for this deprivation of autonomy, rather than for the physical injury she suffered.It is interesting that the majority in Chester did not consider the hypothesis of making a conventional award as they had done in Rees v Darlington memorial NHS Trust28, for the patients loss of autonomy. The majority awarded Miss Chester full damages for physical injury, despite the fact that their judgments describe the real loss in this case as the deprivation of the right to make an informed choice. As 24. JK Mason, A McCall Smith & G Laurie, Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edit, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 39. 25. JK Ma son, A McCall Smith & G Laurie, Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edit, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 339. 26. Consent to Treatment The suitable Patient, 31-203 in A Grubb with J Laing(eds), Principles of Medical Law, second edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 200. 27. Consent to Treatment The Competent Patient, 31-203 in A Grubb with J Laing(eds), Principles of Medical Law, 2nd edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 200. 28. 2003 UKHL 52.J Kenyon Mason and Douglas Brodie29 point out, this may mean that Miss Chester was over-compensated However, the measure of damages allowed does not, in truth, reflect the loss suffered because, at the end of the day, the loss lay in an invasion of autonomy per se, and an award of full damages can be said to over-compensate. What is, in some ways, surprising is that, the solution adopted in Rees v Darlington Memorial NHS Trust was not applied here. There, the requirements of distributive justice meant that da mages should not be awarded to compensate the plaintiff for the loss that ad arisen as the result of a failed sterilization operationThe solution adopted was to award a modest conventional sum by way of general damages to acknowledge the infringement of the plaintiffs autonomy by the fault of the defendant. 30 The possibility of a conventional award was mentioned by Lord Hoffman, in his dissenting judgment I can see that there might be a case for a modest solatium. 31 In the end, he rejects this solution for two reasons it would be difficult to settle on an appropriate amount, and on the grounds of costs, the courts would be an unsuitable place to pursue what would always be a modest award.Effectively, then, the consequence of Chesters case is that autonomy-based right to make an informed consent is so authorized that doctors who fail to warn patients about material risks associated with treatment may have to indemnify patients should those risks materialize, despite the exercise o f all proper skill and care in carrying out the operation, and critically, despite the fact that the patient admits that they would have been prepared, in fact, to knowingly run this risk on another occasion. Difficulty in proving causationThe full impact of the House of Lords relaxation of causation principles in Chester v Afshar remains to be seen. There are a number of reasons why the causation requirement raises particular difficulties in actions for negligence non-disclosure of relevant information. 29. Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? (2005) 9 Edin Law Rev. p. 298-305. 30. Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? (2005) 9 Edin Law Rev. p. 298-305. 31. 2004 UKHL 4, per Lord Hoffman, paragraph 34. 32. A admonition about causation (1999) 115 Law Quarterly Rev. 1-27, p. 23. 33. From Informed Consent to Patient Choice A New Protected Interest (1985) 95 Yale Law Journal 219. 34. From Informed Consent to Patient Choice A New Protected Interest (1985) 95 Yale Law Journal 219. First, a successful claim in negligence for failure to disclose a material risk is in practice synonymous with strict liability for medical mishaps. Informed consent therefore becomes a route for patients to seek financial compensation for unfortunate but blameless medical outcomes.Doctors who exercised all reasonable care and skill in performance of an operation will be found liable for the consequences of an accident which they could have done nothing to prevent just because their pre-operation disclosures were inadequate. As Peter Cane32 explains, whatsoever the ideological basis of the duty to warn (or, in other words, the interest which it protects), its importance in practice lies in providing a basis for imposing liability for physical injury not caused by clinical negligence.Secondly, because the claimant must prove that the inadequate disclosure caused her injury, cases only come before the courts where the patient has not been informed about the risk of an adverse outco me which has then materialized. Adequate information is not, however, confined to disclosure of risks. In order to exercise meaningful choice, it is important that the patients are told about alternatives to the proposed treatment. As Marjorie Maguire Shultz33 explains, negligently depriving the patient of choices will rarely result in the sort of damage or injury which is recognized in tort law Preemption of patients authority by doctors may also give rise to injuries that are real but intangible, or to physical outcomes that are arguably not injurious except from the individuals vantage point. These outcomes may be excluded from negligence doctrines definitions of harm. Thus, a patient not told about a method of sterilization that is more reversible than the one performed may have difficulty convincing the court that non-reversibility is a cognizable physical injury.A patient who alleges that, properly informed, she would have chosen a lumpectomy rather than a radical mastectomy m ight find it hard, under existing negligence rules, to characterize the successful operation that removed her breast and eradicated her cancer as having injured her. Similarly, the patient with a desire to go home or to a hospice to die, who is instead maintain alive by hospital machinery, might have difficulty establishing injury under definitions of an interest in physical well-being rather than choice. 34Thirdly, cause appears to have acquired a rather special meaning in failure to warn cases, Peter Cane has explained, the doctors in these cases rarely caused the injury in question in the central sense of the word cause as it is used outside the law, because failure to warn of a risk does not cause the materialization of the risk. Rather the injury has usually been caused by an unfortunate and inherently unlikely combination of circumstances, and the doctor simply created the situation in which this extraordinary sequence of events could occur.The question of whether a doctor should be liable for a failure to disclose a risk is more accurately express as whether she should be liable for creating the situation in which an accidental injury might or might not occur. Conclusion There is an elegance to a legal structure that requires doctors to owe a single comprehensive duty in negligence covering diagnosis and treatment, and the associated obligations to inform. Diagnosis and treatment are basically the exercise of the medical professional skills and therefore fall fairly into the arms of negligence.The duty to inform, however, seeks to protect the patient interest in self-determination. This seems more fairly address by an action that is complete with the injury to the interest protected. Such an action would be more akin to an action in battery. The fact that legal action for inadvertent misinformation in relation to the inherent risks/benefits of treatment lies in negligence rather than in battery leaves a legal structure that has some stress within in it.Where battery, constrained as it is by touching, is an ill-fitting robe negligence barely covers the mischief. In English law, negligence actions for negligent misinformation have seen this tension evince as a strong dissent by Lord Scarmen in the case of Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors35, and then as a enervating of the causation rule in Chester v Afshar. Notice how weakening the causation rule in Chester v Afshar.Notice how weakening the causation requirement makes the action of clinical negligence more akin to a battery action- the very action precluded by the rule in Reibl v Hughes in such cases. In Chester v Afshar, the plaintiff would have had the operation at a different time and so something would have changed had the information about risk been given. The core of the principle in this case comes when the plaintiff does not change anything as a result of the misinformation.Can they still succeed where they suffer the very harm they should have been worried about? If so, we have a clinical negligence action that looks suspiciously like a battery action but protects the interest of self-determination. The use of clinical negligence in this context has arisen by default. The structure of a claim in clinical negligence is simply the wrong one to protect a fundamental interest like self-determination and the strain is telling.

Diversity in Faith and the Health Care Provider

A comparative review of four moralitys Judaism, Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. This stem examines the whim systems and how diversity in confidence affects the foreboding givers philosophy of providing care. The importance of nurses to seek spiritual awareness is growing as the population becomes more diverse and health care facilities increase their efforts to create improve environments and meet the needs of every patients body, mind and spirit.Diversity in Faith and the Health Care Provider. Understanding the diversity in doctrine within the health care setting helps maximize the healing care provided. Faith influences coping strategies, health behaviors and attitudes ab unwrap seeking health care. The purpose of this paper is to compare the philosophy of providing care from the perspective of Buddhistic, Judaism, and Islam faith with that of Christianity. As the population becomes more diverse, so does the need to become spiritual competent. Buddhist Faith Buddhism is found on the teachings of Buddha and focuses on finding inner peace.The goal of a Buddhist is to find enlightenment or a perfect peace through which exit end his twinge. If enlightenment is non obtained a Buddhist will be reborn and continue to suffer another life (Chan, et al. 2011). The core beliefs are in that location is a right and noble path which leads to enlightenment, Karma for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction, and Samsara which is the continued cycle of life and death that continues because of karma (Wilkins, et al. 2010).Buddhist exercises faith with prayers, mantras, mudras, prayer wheels and use of other objects to practice their faith. Being respectful of belongings and asking before touching or moving is important (Wilkins, et al. 2010). finale and Dying is a very important experience for Buddhist Therefore a care giver will need to adjust what is typic totallyy know palliative care and have open discussion of expectations to meet their spiritu al needs. Allowing for uninterrupted prayer and meditation as a Buddhist reflects on his life.Having a clear mind is important and they may decline pain medication or sedatives. A Buddhists perspective of a nurses who understands the importance of this belief and uses non-narcotic methods to reduce pain and provide comfort is also providing a true expression of loving kindness and compassion in helping to relieve the suffering of others (Chan, et al. 2011). Some other aspects to Buddhism is the care of a monk or nun take away the care taker to be of the same sex, since they took an oath of celibacy.Additionally, the practice of Buddhism does not require a person to be a vegetarian and monks general only eat once a day and do not eat after luncheon time. Since there are many cultures within the Buddhist faith it is important to ask (Chan, et al. 2011). Judaic Faith Judaism exists mainly in Israel, Europe and the USA. Judaism is the belief of hotshot divinity fudge and that Moses was the greatest prophet and deliverer was a false prophet. They read from the first five books of the bible which is called the Torah and pray to God only.Their religious leader is called a Rabbi who will recite scripture to the ill, perform ceremonies, sermons in a synagogue on Saturdays. The way Judi live their life is the most important aspect of their religion. The Jewish faith has a heighten awareness of health and consider health a mortal responsibility. As far back as two thousand years ago Jewish people practiced frequent hand washing and cleansing before meals. Furthermore, Jewish laws prohibit eating shellfish and pork to prevent trichinosis, which is still practiced today. Therefore asking about dietary restrictions is necessary.Islamic Faith Muslims believe in one God who has no son. Jesus is considered a prophet, but Muhammad was the last prophet sent by God. Muslims read from the Koran or Quran and worship in Mosques on Fridays. Islam is indigenous of African America ns, southern Asians and Arabians. Religious leaders are referred to as Imams and have diverse qualifications and expertise. Imams pray with the ill and help patients to cope by helping them to maintain hope in God or Allah. Additionally Imams encourage healthy lifestyles, advocating for patient needs, and assisting in healthcare decisions.Women may not lead men into prayer and therefore cannot be Imams (Padela, et al. 2011). Islam practices of involve praying, fasting and religious rituals, such as the pilgrimage to Mecca. Islam main perspective on health and illness is that Health and illness become mathematical function of the continuum of being, and prayer remains the salvation in both health and in sickness (Rassool, 2000). Therefore allowing time for prayer is essential. Since 9/11 misconceptions, discrimination and inglorious behaviors towards Muslims have resulted in a delay of care in the U. S. therefore they may not be forth coming about their faith or spiritual needs, l eading to sicker patients with stifled spiritual care (Padela, et al. 2011). Christian Faith The writer of this paper is of Christian Faith, a protestant, a believer in God who is a holy trinity of the Father, the Son, and Holy Spirit. Jesus is his son and incarnate of God himself. Religious leaders are called pastors or ministers and in the Catholic religion leaders are referred to as priests or nuns. Faith is practice through prayer, reading the bible, and attending church on Sunday.Fellowship with other Christians, reaching out to non-believers to spread the word of Christ and living a righteously are encouraged. However, it is the belief that Jesus Christ is the savior of man and only through this faith will a person live eternally in paradise with God. Comparative Analysis While some faiths embrace death as a new beginning into the afterlife or next life, Judaism does not emphasize the afterlife and survivors are instructed to only grieve for a limited time and not excessively. However, Buddhism discusses death and dying openly and wants to maintain consciousness for as long as possible to mediate and reflect. Visualization and relaxation techniques are a stupendous part of their meditation. Judaism, Islam and Christianity all believe in one God and prayer helps to the body, mind and spirit. Buddhist believes that the collection of ones physical body, sensations, perceptions, mental formation, and consciousness Will split at the time of death, although some stream of consciousness undergoes rebirth (Chan, et al. 2011).Although Buddhism is the least practiced among the religions discussed, it is Islamic that is the most misunderstood and is met with inequalities. Providing a safe place and make trust is required to meet the spiritual needs of American Muslims. Conclusion All religions teach love, compassion, and righteousness. Therefore, respecting ones spirituality and assessing for spiritual needs is an important aspect of all patient interactions. Und erstanding why other faiths believe what they do help nurses to facilitate and accommodate practices and honor sacred rituals, prayers and meditation.

Nature and nurture shape our personalities

Each soulfulness is unique and a person of worth under his/her own right. This statement defines who a person is, wholeness s endowed with the faculties to exist and be a contributing member of society. However, how a person amplifys certain characteristics and traits lose aroused the curiosity of the scientific and academic community. Even pargonnts want to know how personalities be developed so they would be able to rear their infantren in the proper way and become adults who have a well rounded disposition.The questions remains, how do people develop their personalities and what factors exercise it. Although some people view that personalities are influenced by nurture while other(a)s believe that personalities are influenced by nature, but it is a combination of both nature and nurture that shape our personalities. The nature-nurture controversy has led to the different aspects on how an souls personality develops.Relevant materials The Boy Who Became a GirlThe nature sentiment says that a person comes into this world with a certain traits and characteristics which make him/her predisposed to answer and think in a certain way. The nature perspective is largely biological and genetic wherein it is thought that personality is often passed from parents to offspring and that a churl may inherit the traits of the parents (Carlson & Buskist, 1997) just as they inherit their fathers eyes or their mothers skin. Moreover, the biological perspective has said that a child is already born with certain personality traits that are enduring and stable over time.If a child has a difficult temperament as a baby, it empennage be expected that as an adult, that child would still be moody and temperamental. Finally, the nature perspective says that personality types are based on the gene pool of the individual, they say that aggression or predisposition to violence is genetically based, some people are just born to have the flushed gene and that there is nonh ing that elicit be done to change this (Friedman & Schustack, 2006). The nature perspective may seem to be deterministic and narrow, once a person is said to be shy or timid, then that person go forth always be shy until the end of his/her life.The nurture perspective was borne let on of the reaction and revolt against the nature perspective, the proponents of the nurture perspective found the biological view close and incomplete, it was not able to account for the concept of choice and resign will and that each person has the capacity to change and become better persons. The nurture perspective advocated that individuals are fundamentally good and that each person can be trained and influenced to be a better person or have domineering personality traits (Friedman & Schustack, 2006).Therefore, a person may come from a family of criminals or psychotics but with the right nurturing purlieu and love and care the child can grow up to become morally upright and compassionate. The n urture perspective places greater importance to the quality of care and the kind of environment that a child receives during his/her early years can affect the childs personality and will form his/her characteristics and traits.The nurture perspective does not allow for any biological influence, in fact John B. Watson in his famous declaration has been cognise to say that he can train children to become whatever he desires them to be (Friedman & Schustack, 2006). The nurture perspective is more(prenominal) positive as compared to the nature perspective when it comes to personality change. The perspective holds that each person with the right support and guidance will be able to change his/her personality traits for the better.As the nature-nurture debate wore on, scientists and philosophers were determination evidence that suggested that personality developing is not solely nature nor nurture, but a combination of both perspectives. Relying on the nature perspective alone does n ot present a complete picture of how personality is developed. They say that personality traits are not observable and one cannot identify which gene carries what trait thereof the perspective lacked credence as traits are not adequately labeled. At the same time, saying that the environment alone is the sole influence that affects personality development is wrong. There is always the continued interplay between nature and nurture and in reality personality is molded by the combination of these two conflicting views. record traits and characteristics are developed and molded by both nature and nurture factors wherein the individual finds him/her self. It is true that ones biological traits affect the individual and can be used as basis to predict the deportment of the child in the future as well as what kind of personality he/she will have. character traits that are expressed through emotions have been found to be affected by the endorphins and the hormones that a person has (Carl son & Buskist, 1997).For example, men and women differ in their personalities because women have more estrogen which activates the body into being more emotional and easily affected by feelings and situations while men who have a in truth low estrogen levels are hardier, more composed and calm than women.The physiology of the human brain also influence the personality of the individual (Carlson & Buskist, 1997), those who have a more developed language area are more vocal, more able to express their emotions while those who have more developed logical area are more rational. Moreover, intelligence which is a key ingredient of a persons personality is also genetically based, those who are highly intelligent will be more critical, more resilient and more introverted while those who are more socially adept will tend to be extroverted.The influence of the environment over the personality of the individual has been demonstrated by the number of cases of wherein the child has been brough t up in a positive environment despite being borne in a dysfunctional family grew up to be straight and proper. In the earliest experiments of human contact which tackles the issue of nurture it was found that monkeys reared alone and without a nurturing mother was cold, lifeless and unable to relate with other monkeys.On the other hand, a monkey which was reared together with a mechanical monkey displayed more positive behaviors than the first monkey (Westen, 2003). This showed that a nurturing environment is important for the developing child, in a similar light it was found that those children who were exposed to aggression also imitated the militant behavior that was shown to them (Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski & Eron, 2003). These underscores the double edged sword that nurture is because a positive environment may lead to positive outcomes while a negative environment may also be a threat to the development of the child.However, taking both of the perspectives explains far more totally how personality is developed and formed. A childs genetic make-up provides for the predispositions that a child has, while the kind of environment that he/she grows up in will also form department of his/her personality. Personality tests have often found that personality traits are stable and enduring (Westen, 2003), a child may be stubborn in his/her junior age may mellow down and with the societal influences and an environment that promotes respect and obedience may tame the stubbornness, but in the end, his/her stubbornness may exult when placed in a difficult situation or when she has to cope with a certain issue or problem.Moreover, a child may be overly active and vocal since childhood but through experience and social forces may transform the child into an adult who excels in sports or who are activists and leaders. This is also true for the other side of personality, the evil and dark side. Some children are evil and these can be observed in their behavior towards other children or other creatures, and sometimes they grow up to be criminals and sociopaths (Westen, 2003). In a same vein, children who have experienced abuse and traumatic events tend to develop personality disorders that affect their quality of life and relationships.Lastly, it has been reported that injuries to the brain have often resulted to a change in personality (Westen, 2003) and these had adverse effects to the individual and his/her family. The persons behavior becomes erratic he/she may have mood swings or may even portray a personality that is completely uncharacteristic of him/her.Without a doubt, personality is shaped by ones biological predispositions and environment, each one of us have heard a downhearted voice inside of us that shares our thoughts and feelings, while the most important persons in our lives have influenced and inspired us to dream and fulfill our ambitions in life. In the past times the nature versus nurture debate was intensely champion ed by both sides, but at present it has been realized that acknowledging both the nature and nurture aspect of ones development and personality provides a more complete and accurate picture of human nature.ReferencesCarlson N. & Buskist W. (1997). Psychology The Science of Behavior 5th ed. Boston Allyn andBacon.Friedman, H. & Schustack, M. (2006). Personality Classic theories and modernResearch 3rd ed. Boston Allyn & Bacon.Huesmann, L., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. & Eron, L. (2003). Longitudinal relationsbetween childrens exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39, 201-221.Westen, D. (2003). Psychology Brain, Behavior, and Culture. New York Wiley & Sons.

Mit Case Study

BCG Join BCG converse planning Practice Cases Distribution http//www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis The Boston Consulting Group family line Join BCG Interview Prep Practice Cases Distribution Strategy Distribution Strategy Crafting a Distribution Strategy for a Sugar Cereal producer Your client is the sugar cereal division of Foods Inc. , a U. S. -based distributor and manufacturer of packaged foods. According to the division president, Foods Inc. s traditional strength has been with market place storehouses, which tranquillize account for the majority of its $1. billion in sugar cereal sales. But broad M marketplace, a discount chain, has been growing at a sanitary rate of almost 15 percent per year and has without delay become Food Inc. s largest node. Your client is not sure how to react, and has asked BCG for assistance with its dispersal strategy. pass Understanding of the Case First, let me cultivate sure I understand the line. Our client specifys in sugar cereals traditionally distributed through grocery stores. Sales to heavy(p) M Mart, a discount chain, have been growing at 15 percent per year, and the chain has recently become the largest distributor of the clients harvest-time nationwide.We be present to help evaluate the dispersion strategy in light of prodigious M Marts growth. That is correct. Could you explain to me how grocery stores differ from discount stores? Sure. Grocery stores generally specialize in food, as well as selling some household goods and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Discount stores, on the other hand, offer food alongside a wide variety of merchandise, including clothing, home electronics, and housew atomic number 18s. Does adult M Mart merchandise its food proceedss differently than do grocery stores? Discount stores advertise lower prices for a wide variety of foods, particularly staple, nonperishable foods.Could I take a moment to write a few notes to myself? Plea se feel free. Set Up the modeling Before making recommendations, I think we would need to evaluate whether sales growth at monolithic M Mart is good or frightful for Foods, Inc. To do that, I would first demeanor at how its sugar cereal performance at Big M Mart compares with that in other distribution channels. Second, I would look at its performance at Big M Mart in relation to competitors performance. Next, I would determine what drives customer purchases. Finally, I would emergency to understand the supply chain.That certainly sounds manage a reasonable turn up. Lets proceed. Evaluate the Case Using the Framework 1 of 6 10/2/09 657 PM BCG Join BCG Interview Prep Practice Cases Distribution http//www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis First, I would same(p) to get a better sense of where Big M Mart stands in relation to our clients other distribution channels by examining the clients sales data and margins, by distributor. The marketing department d oes not have margins by channel, but tracks sales and volume for its top five distributors.What does this imply ab bug out Big M Mart as a distribution outlet? It looks as if the top distributors have been growing more heavy, but particularly Big M Mart, which is growing faster than all the others. This is particularly true when we look at volume, where Big M Marts growth is much higher than that of the other four channels. And how could you interpret what these data says about margins? While the clients sales through other distribution channels are growing faster than volume, Big M Mart volume and sales growth are the same, so the average price paid by Big M Mart has remained constant.That implies that sales growth at Big M Mart could have negative implications for our clients margins. Next, I would like to look at how our client is doing in relation to the competition within Big M Mart. Have they been urinateing or losing market share? How might you find that out? I would try t o interview Big M Marts purchasing personnel, since they would probably track those data for their own purposes. Why would they want to talk to you? How might you approach such an interview? I would approach the purchasing personnel and suggest that our client and Big M Mart work ogether to identify best practices to bowdlerize costs and increase sales of sugar cereals at Big M Mart. Lets say in a perfect world you could get a dislocation of Big M Mart sales for the four largest competitors (see market shares below). 2 of 6 10/2/09 657 PM BCG Join BCG Interview Prep Practice Cases Distribution http//www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis What can we infer about our clients competitors within this channel? Who should they be worried about? It looks like our client is losing market share, as is Tasty Breakfast, while Cereal Co. nd Private Label are gaining share. Private Label, however, looks to be growing from a very small base. I would like to explore why our client is losing market share to Cereal Co. at Big M Marts. Are their prices better than those of our client? After a stay of price wars six to seven years ago that lowered industry margins, the cereal companies have refrained from price competition within the same channel. If prices are not driving the difference, I would look at other factors such as brand selection, percentage of ledge space, product placement, and in-store promotions.Visits to Big M Marts indicate that each name-brand company holds 30 percent of the shelf space, while private label has 10 percent. Cereal Co. brands, however, tend to be placed lower on the shelf than your clients products. Well, I suspect that children are a large target market for the sugar cereal manufacturers. The lower shelf placement could be especially important to children who are looking at the different types of cereals. Are in that location any other promotions? Some Cereal Co. brands have sales promotion tags, and the team notes tha t store flyers advertise specials on Cereal Co. rands for Big M Mart customer cardholders. So, even if all the companies are maintaining product prices, maybe Cereal Co. is strategically discounting prices to gain market share. It seems as if on that point is evidence of cooperation amidst Cereal Co. and Big M Mart. Do we know anything about their relationship? During earlier discussions with Big M Mart, you discovered that your clients competitors have 50 sales representatives dedicated to the Big M Mart account. Your client has seven. Cereal Co. calculates to be dedicating more resources to its relationship with Big M Mart than our client is.This may explain its better product placement and promotion programs. 3 of 6 10/2/09 657 PM BCG Join BCG Interview Prep Practice Cases Distribution http//www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis I think I have a good sense of distribution and competition. I would now like to look at the customers and understand why they select the products they do. One hypothesis I have is that shifting brand loyalties are hurting our clients market share at Big M Mart. Thats interesting. What do you think might motivate purchases of sugar cereals?There are lots of factors, such as the games in the boxes, the price of the cereal itself, how it tastes. To better understand consumer expression, we might conduct market research, possibly through focus groups, customer observation, and price sensitivity studies. BCG teams often do such research. Lets assume your team conducts some analysis. Your research concludes that most buyers tend to fall into two categories. Approximately 60 percent of buyers go straight to bingle cereal and grab it. We can call this group the brand-loyal shoppers.Another 40 percent of shoppers look at all the cereals and so select one that interests them. Lets call this group the impulse buyers. For the brand-loyal shopper, the priority would be product availability, while product placement would be important for consumers who like to shop around. Within these groups, are consumers price minute such that one brand can lure shoppers loyal to another brand? In general, your research indicates that consumers are not price sensitive and are extremely loyal to their preferred brand.But when the preferred cereal is unavailable, the brand-loyal customers will purchase discounted cereals virtually 35 percent of the time. Well, from that information, it appears that price is not a major driver of purchases unless the preferred cereal is out of stock. In these stock-out situations, you said, brand-loyal customers will purchase discounted cereals 35 percent of the time. What happens when the customer does not purchase a discounted cereal? In approximately 25 percent of cases, the customer paseos away without purchasing any cereal at all.In the remaining 40 percent of cases, the brand-loyal customer will act like an impulse shopper and select another brand. Interesting. It see ms as if product availability could be a major driver of total cereal volume for Big M Mart. Of course, we would need to know how often stock-outs occur that cause consumers to walk away without purchasing cereal occur. Since I have a pretty good accord of customer motivation, Id now like to ask a few questions about the clients supply chain. I would want to talk to our clients distribution personnel to understand the distribution process and to determine how often stock-outs occur.Can you describe how our clients cereal is distributed at Big M Mart? Cereals are distributed from the factory to the distributors warehouse twice monthly. The retailer then stocks the shelves itself. Do we have any knowledge about when the individual stores are out of stock? No, we do not, since our client only delivers to the warehouses and has no direct ingress to in-store inventory information. Since we identified product availability as a key success factor earlier on, I would want to make sure tha t the stores were stocking the product correctly.Lets say that in your earlier in-store investigations, you found out that Big M Mart stores averaged 15 percent of sugar cereal brands out-of-stock, across all brands. 4 of 6 10/2/09 657 PM BCG Join BCG Interview Prep Practice Cases Distribution http//www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis Stock-outs would be a major problem for our client, since 60 percent of customers look for a specific brand of cereal and 35 percent of them would buy a discounted brand in a stock-out situation.Big M Mart would also have an incentive to reduce out-of-stock incidents, since 25 percent of the time, a brand-loyal customer will walk away without buying anything. Summarize and make recommendations Big M Mart is our clients leading customer, accounting for more than 20 percent of our clients sugar cereal revenue. Although sales to Big M Mart are increasing on an absolute basis, our clients margins there are lower than in its other c hannels and its competitive position is eroding in that channel. At Big M Mart, our client faces competition from both private label and Cereal Co. although the latter appears to be the greater threat. There appears to be a relationship between Big M Mart and Cereal Co. as evidenced by their joint promotions, the superior placement of the Cereal Co. product, and the substantial resources that Cereal Co. has dedicated to the Big M Mart account. We learned that 60 percent of customers are brand-loyal, implying product availability is most important. However, 40 percent like to try different kinds of cereal, indicating product placement is also important.Purchasers do not appear to be price conscious, unless the type of cereal they are looking for is out of stock, in which case there is a stronger tendency to base purchases on price promotions. In terms of distribution, our client is making deliveries twice a month to Big M Marts warehouses. Big M Mart, in turn, is responsible for stoc king the shelves. We currently have no direct knowledge of when our clients items are out of stock at the individual stores, but there is evidence that stock-outs do occur with some frequency. Well, it sounds as if you understand the situation. What would you recommend the client do?The sales through Big M Mart appear to have a negative impact on the bottom line, as they have lower margins than sales through grocery stores. The client could work with grocery stores to ensure that they are able to compete effectively with Big M Mart in the sugar cereal market. This strategy could be risky, however, since Big M Mart is a large and important customer. Therefore, I would recommend that our client work more collaboratively with Big M Mart. To defend its current position at Big M Mart stores, the client should move toward a partnership with Big M Mart and dedicate more resources to the relationship.The customer and competitor data indicate that our clients first priority should be to cor rect distribution to ensure better product availability. In addition, it should push for product placement equal to, if not better than, that of its competitors. Why would Big M Mart be willing to enter into a partnership with Foods Inc? Foods Inc could offer to share its information about customer behavior to help increase revenues for both itself and Big M Mart. Stock-outs hurt Big M Mart in two ways. First, some brand-loyal customers simply walk away without purchasing cereal whenever their preferred brand is unavailable.Second, we know that other brand-loyal customers purchase lower-priced cereal whenever they encounter a stock-out of their preferred brand. Both of these instances lower Big M Marts revenue. By eliminating stock-outs, Big M Mart could increase its sales by simply ensuring that customers dont walk away without making a purchase. Converting these purchase cause to sales would increase Big M Marts sales of sugar cereals by more than 2 percent(1). Better availabilit y also helps Big M Mart and our client increase their revenue by deterring the brand-loyal shoppers from trading down to lower-priced cereals.Recall that 35 percent of the brand-loyal shoppers purchase a discounted cereal if their preferred brand is not available. If change distribution now makes the preferred brands more consistently available, the customers will pay a higher price for these products. Finally, we could use the information about consumer purchase behavior to help persuade Big M Mart to 5 of 6 10/2/09 657 PM BCG Join BCG Interview Prep Practice Cases Distribution http//www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis share information about product availability in its individual stores.We could work with our client and Big M Mart to improve the current distribution system to allow for more economical deliveries, while at the same time ensuring that our clients product is consistently available in the store. give thanks you. Those sound like solid recomm endations, but I would suggest that you fully understand the root cause of the stock-out situations and the cost to eliminate them before moving ahead. (1) 15 percent out of stock x 60 percent brand-loyal customers x 25 percent willing to forgo purchase = 2. 25 percent 6 of 6 10/2/09 657 PM

Weaving Architecture & Nature

Landscape from its beginnings has a man- do con nonation with associated cultural process values. The idea of having a adorn does not suggest anything inbred at all. Yet there are instances of projects where the landscape itself suggests natural connotations as though there is no port wine between disposition ( localize) and culture ( architecture).In stylish subterfuge Museum, today And made a radical decision to create an cloak-and-dagger space to create minimal changes to the authorized natural environment, exposing only very basic geometries as the openings for the underground gallery. He transformed the site into a natural work of maneuver, interfacing with the internal works of art. On the different hand, discourteous Lloyd Wrights scurrility transforms the original site into a beautiful monumental landscape and brings nature into the house by using materials found on site, creating natural experiences through his architecture.Yet the ideas of the interface betw een nature and architecture are translated very differently for the 2 projects. Nods idea of the interface was a stark exposed one while Wrights was more clear and rational. This composition seeks to find extinct whether one of their interpretations questionable, or it is Just harder to comprehend one than the other. Keywords Nature Integration Art Landscape Culture 1. INTRODUCTION betoken 1 . good example of the Phases of Museum Development The concept of museums since the late eighteenth century evolved through 3 different phases ( embark 1).The first generation are mostly built by royalties as part of their collections, the second generation museums are more particular in presenting artworks and collections in their mad form, where army spaces are boded to segregate the works from any context using spaces that is ere and abstract. As art works progressed further, artists evolved to creating works that are more specialised, works that interact with borders and also visi tors.This concept itself brings out the definition of cultural landscape by Saucer (Saucer 1925, 46), where the art works themselves represents the cultural interference to the surrounding natural landscape. Here, the architect undertakes a special role as the direct influencer to the landscape. The Chichi Art Museum by right away And is one of the first of the 3rd development of museums, specially designed to house the works f Claude Monet, Walter De Maria and jam Turrets, or on a higher level, to integrate their works with the natural environment.The guidance Today And created his cultural landscape, interfacing with nature with his strong use of man made materials cover and glass, gives us a new perspective on how one interfaces with their surroundings. 2 THE ORIGIN The concept emerged due to a analogy between the artists in the history of art they question modern art and architecture and the quality of aesthetical experience in a three-dimensional space. By congregating t hem into one space could form a lace for aesthetic experience (Watchmaker and Mammoth 2005, 83). Figure 2.Mashing, Japan (Source http//architects. Files. Wordless. Com/2011 /06/chichi_panorama Jpg) The chosen site (Figure 2) was based on the interchangeables of the initial client, Choirs Effectuate whom had a special liking towards the views of Sets Inland Sea and other islands from a take aim in Mashing (Watchmaker and Mammoth 2005, 83). The site was a good jib with a three dimensional space envisioned by Monet a space that by itself is a piece of art giving birthing to the idea of a space that blends art and architecture together seamlessly.Hence instead of a monumental building sitting on the site, the building took the form of 2 an underground building with no apparent form. The visitor world experience each artists space, one by one independently, and was prevented from looking at the building as a whole. Upon gathering all the experiences, they would then receive the st ructure in its entirety, and the relationships and arrangements between spaces (Figure 3). Figure 3. Illustration of Separate volumes coming together in the site (Source Today And at Mashing art, architecture, nature. )The final museum itself, shown in Figure 3 embodies a mastery of light and materials that seek to reconnect with the elements of art and nature. To maintain the existing environment and aesthetics of the site, And chose to bury the museum underground. Only a series of concrete openings and geometrical skylights float among the greenery shown in Figure 4. He dedicated a separate space for each of the artists gallery, bounding them together with a triangular lawcourt that connects all the exhibition spaces via a mixed sequence of spaces light and dark, open and closed. Figure 4.Concrete opening and skylight 3 THE INTERFACE . 1 Today Nods Chichi Art Museum Mashing 3 From Section 2, we understood that And made the decision to integrate art and nature as one by placing t he building underground gum olibanum giving Chichi its name. Yet in his design, we see stark signs of man made influences to the site, the most provable being the introduction of concrete volumes that encompasses the entire site. As visitors enters the 27,700 square foot strengthen-concrete Chichi Museum, they will discover the diminishing sunlight taken over by the disorientating semidarkness.The tunnel-like passageway provides a full separation from the external environment ND leads them into a square-sis forecourt carpeted with green stalks of bamboo-like grass (Pollock 2005, 116). This initial experience that And created as his hitch sounds rather intimidating. The uniqueness and unfamiliarity created a rather daunting feeling, and nature is nowhere mentioned or considered when one enters the space. Is the integration with nature only a surface treatment to the architecture by infusing the building underground?Perhaps And was looking more into interfacing art and architect ure together rather than interfacing the culture with nature. For our interpretation of a seamless interface with nature seem to be different from Nods radical representation of nature in his work. Yet where did our interpretation come from? 3. 2 Frank Lloyd Wrights Billingsgate Figure 5. Billingsgate and the terraces (Source HTTPS//blobs. Alt. VT. Dude/Kristin/files/2012/12/few Jpg) One of the historical buildings that perfectly epitomize the concept of one with nature is Frank Lloyd Wrights 4 Billingsgate.Wild animals live near it Trees surround it Water swirls underneath huge beclouded rest at its feet the houses terraces echo the trope of the rock ledges below (Figure 5). Billingsgate seeks to find harmony with nature. Instead of scoping a natural landscape for its inhabitants, the Kauffmann, Frank integrated the waterfalls with the architecture and hence integrated the falls into their lives. Figure 6. Elevation and Section of Billingsgate with materials (Source Billingsgate F rank Lloyd Wrights romance with nature. ) Wright furthered the integration with nature via his selection of materials.He kept his selection to merely 4 materials sandstone, reinforced concrete, steel and glass and integrated them as part of the natural environment (Figure 6). All the stone at Billingsgate was quarried from the bottom of the waterfalls. Beams are designed in an arc shaped Just so to entrust tree to grow through the trellis. The chosen concrete was of a pale ochre color to match the back of a fallen rhododendron leaf (Hangman 2011, 40). Exposed steel was painted red to give a raw feeling reminding people of the red color of iron ore and also of the fiery method apply to create steel.Clear glass was used to extend the nature into the interior of the house, sometimes becoming reflective like mirror-like surfaces of a calm pool, and at night, disappears to eliminate any distinction between the interior and exterior. Understanding Wrights design and linking it to integ ration with nature seemed almost redundant as the building encapsulates the whole concept. It is simple to relate the architecture as part of the landscape, and the concept of integration was strongly showed in every angle, which was not seen for the case of Chichi Art 5 Museum. 3. New Interpretation As a 3rd generation museum, perhaps we should not Judge the interface at its mere surface. Was there more to its looks for the Chichi art museum? From the Periphery of Architecture, And wrote Nature in the form of water, light ND sky restores architecture from a metaphysical to an earthly glance over and gives life to architecture. A uphold for the relationship between architecture and nature inevitably leads to a concern for the temporal context of architecture. I want to emphasize the sense of time and to create compositions in which a feeling of transience or the passing of time is a part of the spatial experience. (And 2005, 465) Nods interpretation of the interface between archit ecture and nature showed that it should not be merely a visual effect, but a more in-depth understanding and experience towards nature. It is and then reasonable to feel that what And is doing with his architecture was in particular, to isolate natural elements in blending them with the architecture. Yes one would not feel the natural environment, for we have never experienced nature in its rawness. Our idea of sunlight goes together with landscape, with clouds, with mountains and seas.We do not see light as a unit on its own. Figure 7. A Collage of the Monet Gallery at Chichi Art Museum This political orientation was translated rather well in the Chichi Art Museum project. For Motets Gallery where the 6 tater lilies situate, the experience starts with changing your shoes to soft indoor slippers at the shoebox followed by a vacant room before the exhibition gallery. The dim experience diminishes through the rectangular open entrance, where silky light trickles in. Once we enter the Motets room, the perspicuous veil of light surrounds us.The completely white atmosphere, the white frames, white walls, white ceiling, and white floors seem to be representative of the raw sunlight, as it fills the environment. This enabled the paintings to have an illusion that it is relieved of its endings to the frame and Joins the space as drift scenery (Figure 7). The gentle ramp that circulates around the central triangular courtyard features a slit in the walls, exposing elements of light into the dim passageway creates a transition of space yet connecting the spatial qualities of the Monet gallery to the other galleries (Figure 8).This triangular courtyard exposes only rough stones at its surface, propelling vision from the visitors towards the sky (Figure 8). In mob Turrets Installation of the Open Sky, visitors are given the opportunity to enjoy the natural sky IA a shut in skylight and observe the changes where visitors may see sunlight shining through the window, clouds drifting by or a lingering evening glow. Figure 8. The triangular courtyard (Source Chichi Art Museum Today And builds for Walter De Maria, James Turrets, and Claude Monet. The entire approach of Chichi Art Museum in integrating with nature forms a critical call into question of the natural environment. It forcefully brings out nature via the use of concrete envelope. The physical interface here is the concrete building, although man-made, it seems to be the perfect medium to bring the isolated 7 tater into the art and architecture. The Chichi Museum is thus a successful effort between the architect and the artists, people and nature, acting as a specific artwork in itself. even up the form as seen from the exterior, is like an art piece, infused within the mountains (Figure 9). This made the parameter in 3. Invalid as the approach took by And in creating a dramatic entrance was justifiable if his intention of integrating with nature is as discussed. Figure 8. Series of m ediums illustrating the building infused into the site. (Source Chichi Art Museum Today And builds for Walter De Maria, James Turrets, and Claude Monet. ) The isolation of nature to provide the integrated experience is not a new concept. Even in Wrights Billingsgate, we can see hints of this method used. In integrating the waterfall into the architecture, instead of scoping a view, Wright chose to situate the house right on top of it.