Bio-Medical Model of Health: History, Overview and Analysis

Bio-Medical mannequin of wellness History, Overview and AnalysisINTRODUCTIONEfficient, damage effective and enduring centred care matching the needs of a complex, rapid changing health care industry is important as it undergoes a complete reconstruction. Keeping in mind its intricate nature, it is imperative that collaborationism occurs in all stages of the planning process to ensure a flavourless transition.The sheer volume of swops tail end be overwhelming, however nurses need to strain the window of opportunity and develop a in the raw set of sk air sicks or utilize existing skills focusing on flexibility and adaptability to create new career pathways that can move nursing in a bursting charge that has not been seen before. What is paramount in this equation however is the need to design knowledge from our past, building on its foundations to ensure sustainability.This literature review is establish on discussing the Bio-Medical Model beginning with a historical persp ective, synthesizing comp nonpareilnts at heart, leading to events which remove driven the need for major salmagundis in the health structure, design, process and spoken language of health care.By reflecting on the past we can gain an correspondence on economic, cultural, political and genial operates that get hold of helped shape our health climate and the way we work. This will enable us to gain knowledge and chip in this to our future(a) using a well grounded approach.Throughout history in that respect have been many another(prenominal) leaders who have contributed to shaping the Bio-Medical Model of Health and Illness which is the dominant model employ in Medicine inwardly the Western World, and is over centuries old.Rene Descartes in the 1700s recognized the mind and body were fail entities hence today there are different practitioners treating them, each with their stimulate set of literature and research. (Cannon,R. 2014).( Maher, n.d) argues that the mind an d body are inextricably saltation and there is no division in the midst of them. Alternatively some of the easterly traditions work on the philosophy that the mind, body and all existential takings work together like a well oiled machine.(Large, E 1996).Many other pot helped lay the foundations of the Bio- medical checkup model of Health and complaint for instance Louis Pasteur recognised that diseases are spread by bacteria and could be killed finished sterilisation with Koch building on this concept by discovering that original bacteria caused a disassembleicular type of disease.Joseph Lister played his part in medical science discovering that germs had the potential to cause illness and death. bathroom Dalton stated that matter was make up of atoms which set up raise research in physics.(Liang et al 2006). These are just a hardly a(prenominal) areas which operated under the umbrella of biomedical model of Health and Illness.The Biomedical Model is based on science and focuses on health as beingness devoid of disease. Science usually uses a dodging of enquiry which occurs through observation, experimentation, collecting data, hypothesizing and predicting resulting in a conclusion. Progress in science does not demonstrate allegiance to open interpretation rather favours accuracy and predictability.The main function of health services is to cure the sick and disabled works under a physiological framework. (Greenhill, 2008). Illness creates a physical change in the body due to chemical imbalances, viruses, bacteria, or genetic causes. (presentation to Health Psychology. n.d.).Working within the Biomedical framework, the relationship between health and illness is confirmed whereby a mortal is considered to be both ill or healthy and there are no grayness areas in between.Recognition of Patterns of illness is derived from signs and symptoms provided by patient ofs assisting doctors in constructing a medical history in which further investigation can occur. Obtaining pathology is one method acting which guided doctors in enabling some form of treatment to be implemented. The patient is then expected to recover and therefore they are cured. (McGraw,n.d.).The social constructs of medicine under the Bio-medical model has been one where the doctor is a person who holds the knowledge, is competent in nature and ultimately the gatekeeper. They have been held in high up esteem by the public due to their professional standing. This belief frame was strengthened by the fact that the doctor held the power, was trusted and ultimately had the monopoly in health services which were self dumbfoundd. It was he who treated the illness. (Crinson, I 2014).During the nineteenth Century through regulating the profession, power was given up to doctors to self regulate and the ability to regulate other health disciplines occurred so that they would exercise subordination within the health service. Adams,T 2013).Using Parsons Systems model w ith its roots embedded in biomedicine, illness is considered to of course being undesirable with the ill individual,who must canvas on that persona and seek help accordingly, co-operating with directives from a health professional. base on Parsons theory no onus occurs on behalf of the individual in relation to health ownership, resulting in people when ill have the right to withdraw from their social responsibilities much(prenominal) as care school or work. (Parsons, 2011).This type of belief system is somewhat unlike in terms where in some cultural contexts however, individuals are make to feel responsible for their medical conditions and oftentimes ridiculed such as those that tummy and those that consume large amounts of alcohol, while others in comparison are made to feel blameless. (Lupton, 2012).Philosophy has influenced and transfigured meta-physical medicine into scientific medicine. The philosophical changes focus on knowledge drawn through observation, and experienc es and therefore knowledge is based on facts, evidence and research (empiricism) (Thomas, 2014). Secularism progressed with the shift of dominance of religious and spiritual influence in health and physical reductionism which involved dissecting and interpreting complex processes into subtile parts resulting in a broader understanding of illness.( Beresford, 2010).Doctors are seen to make judgments on who is ill and who is not.( Ekobi, 2013). Conditions of a person are evaluated rather than the impact a condition has on them. (Leimkuehler, 2005). Alterations within the body are defined, measured and isolated. Patients often assume a passive role in the Doctor/ entertain relationship. The doctor is an authoritative figure who gives an order or suggestion and the patient obeys. (Darkins Cary, 2000).Treatment of illness occurs from an outside intervention directed and controlled usually by the doctor either physically such as through surgical process or chemically using medication. (Vallis McHugh 2011The psychological, social, behavioural and environmental aspects are not usually given much emphasis in treatment of patients for practitioners on the job(p) under the auspices of the biomedical model. Difficulties occur when explaining chronic pain and fundamental pathophysiology is examined in isolation, making it difficult to explain why treatments fail. (Lewis 2014).Literature from many sources have outlined the increase in costs, nursing recruitment and retentivity problems, aged people, technological advances and a more communicate society have all contributed to the medical model of behave that no longer meets peoples health needs both on an individual direct and globally.The biopsychosocial supports the view that illness culminates from one or a number of causes such as biological, psychological or environmental issues. (Waddell G Aylward 2010). Albelson et al supports this and identifies causative factors such as age, genetic makeup, social supp ort, social role in society, level of income and many other internal and extraneous elements, which necessitates furtherance of initiatives within health policies and management. The social model is not designed as a substitute for the biomedical model but it is there to complement it. (Germov,J 2013).A qualitative study executed in Canada investigated whether or not population health was integrated, as a focus for future plans within their health programmes. Results demonstrated that although there was inclusion within their policies, however leaders in the health field acknowledged the need to develop flexible frameworks, and they express the importance of sharing a large body of knowledge that could be adapted across different contexts.Evidence based practice has been used within the biomedical model of health, and is important in justifying and being accountable for your work. Your ideals and values within the framework and model that underpins your work culture guides your pr actice and therefore this will dictate how you would answer the question What is health promotion? One may answer by helping people get out with their social environment, or maybe to look at how their environment can work to their advantage or by reviewing the medical treatment given which would provide optimum results. (Raphael, 2000).For a smooth transition from one simulacrum to another, requires people to be engaged in the change process by enhancing their abilities and willingness to become active rather than proactive in their health. Research has shown that by adopting the following principles this will be beneficial to all concerned.Importance should be highlighted in involving all parties in the decision making process from change to the healthcare design, and delivery to the point of evaluation. Encouraging willing participants to promote patient centred care through advocacy, optimises policy development. Targeting resources to those that are most vulnerable invalidat e inequalities in health care is valuable in making convinced(p) changes. (Self Management Alliance, 2010).How you envisage healthcare in the very near future hopefully will be a system run by efficient knowledgeable stave who delivers quality, patient centred care in a timely fashion. A system which focuses on prevention and embracing a holistic approach in easily accessible, user friendly settings, staff will promote empowerment so that people can take back some control over health practices whilst making informed choices with the aim of addressing the who, where, what and why principles when it comes to all that affects ones health. Working as one coda unit together as individuals, family, friends, and community and globally will go a long way in the improving health for all. demonstrationMedicine is no longer a static process with certain ways of measuring all health outcomes .Riding the journey and embracing change both in the health industry and that of society which is sub jected to internal and external forces, through reflection the ride can be made velvety by our history can set the climate for open watchword and effective communication so that we can reproduce the conceptual dimensions which worked to our advantage, and rotate the rest.What is abundantly clear is the need for nurses to learn the importance of having their voice perceive through joint decision making processes and move on from a culture that in the past has subtly led nurses to being assist cousins to other professions. It should be noted that with such complexities of an everychanging world is medicine requiring a change in health paradigm there is no one panacea within this context. When it comes to designing the perfect health care system we cant just leave it up to serendipity.Just something for us to ponder over is Christiaan Barnards words which are as followsI dont regard medical discoveries are doing much to advance human life. As agile as we create ways to extend it we are inventing ways to cut back it.Christiaan Barnard